A Python project I'm working on at Enigma is starting to grow rather large. I spent a good deal of effort yesterday getting a five line change added to our Makefile (which is run as part of our CI and CD pipeline on every pull request and merge). After the PR was merged, I gloated to others how awesome my team's project was. Here are the five lines:

lint:
    pylint --rcfile=.pylintrc api -f parseable -r n && \
    mypy --silent-imports api && \
    pycodestyle api --max-line-length=120 && \
    pydocstyle api

For completeness sake, here is the test target that actually gets run as part of CI tests:

test: install lint
    python3 setup.py test --addopts="--cov=api"
    coverage xml -i -o coverage/cobertura-coverage.xml --omit=$(VIRTUAL_ENV)/*,.eggs/*

(So, for those not versed in "Makefile-ese", the test target won't run successfully if the lint target doesn't do so first).

Why was I happy enough to be a jerk to other engineers and brag about those five lines? It all comes down to complexity.

As Python projects grow, maintenance becomes a nightmare (I'm more referring to enterprise-sized projects rather than "large" personal projects, but the same idea holds). Code becomes disorganized, messy, reflects the style of the author (even for teams doing a decent job enforcing PEP-8 and PEP-257, and docstrings fall by the wayside. It takes new developers longer and longer to ramp up on the project. Simple fixes and feature changes become not so simple when it comes time to actually make them. All of these are due to the necessary increase in complexity as a project grows. So how to we reduce that complexity as much as possible?

No Panacea

Obviously, there's no one answer here, but there's a set of actions you can take right now which requires low overhead and pays huge dividends:

Make code "linters" part of your build process. If any of them report any issues, fail your build.

So what is a code "linter"?

A code "linter" is a tool that performs static analysis on your code and reports coding style violations, possible design flaws, outright bugs, and code patterns known to be dangerous. Static analysis means that your code is analyzed but not executed, so there are no external dependencies and running a linter will never harm your environment. You can think of them as a poor-man's AI code reviewer.

Linters have various output formats and modes they can be run in (and vary in complexity and usefulness). Here's example output from pylint, one of the most popular Python linters:

$ pylint sandman2
************* Module sandman2.app
C:117, 0: Line too long (81/80) (line-too-long)
C:163, 0: Line too long (88/80) (line-too-long)
C: 24, 0: Invalid constant name "auth" (invalid-name)
R: 27, 0: Too many arguments (6/5) (too-many-arguments)
************* Module sandman2.decorators
W: 42,24: Duplicate key 'status' in dictionary (duplicate-key)
************* Module sandman2.model
C: 49, 0: Line too long (89/80) (line-too-long)
C: 50, 0: Line too long (113/80) (line-too-long)
C:141, 0: Invalid constant name "DeclarativeModel" (invalid-name)
C: 10, 0: Imports from package sqlalchemy are not grouped (ungrouped-imports)
************* Module sandman2.service
C: 98, 0: Trailing whitespace (trailing-whitespace)
C:208, 0: Line too long (87/80) (line-too-long)
C:215, 0: Line too long (93/80) (line-too-long)
C:224, 0: Line too long (82/80) (line-too-long)
R:231, 4: Method could be a function (no-self-use)
************* Module sandman2.scripts.sandman2ctl
C: 40, 0: Line too long (98/80) (line-too-long)


Report
======
364 statements analysed.

Statistics by type
------------------

+---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+
|type     |number |old number |difference |%documented |%badname |
+=========+=======+===========+===========+============+=========+
|module   |9      |9          |=          |100.00      |0.00     |
+---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+
|class    |12     |12         |=          |100.00      |0.00     |
+---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+
|method   |21     |21         |=          |100.00      |0.00     |
+---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+
|function |18     |18         |=          |100.00      |0.00     |
+---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+



External dependencies
---------------------
::

    flask (sandman2.app,sandman2.decorators,sandman2.service)
      \-views (sandman2.service)
    flask_sqlalchemy (sandman2.model)
    sandman2 (sandman2.scripts.sandman2ctl)
      \-admin (sandman2.app)
      \-app (sandman2)
      \-decorators (sandman2.service)
      \-exception (sandman2.app,sandman2.decorators,sandman2.service)
      \-model (sandman2.app,sandman2.service)
      \-service (sandman2.app)
    sqlalchemy
      \-ext
      | \-automap (sandman2.model)
      | \-declarative (sandman2.model)
      \-inspection (sandman2.model)
      \-sql
        \-sqltypes (sandman2.app)



Raw metrics
-----------

+----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+
|type      |number |%     |previous |difference |
+==========+=======+======+=========+===========+
|code      |459    |54.38 |459      |=          |
+----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+
|docstring |243    |28.79 |243      |=          |
+----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+
|comment   |20     |2.37  |22       |-2.00      |
+----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+
|empty     |122    |14.45 |118      |+4.00      |
+----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+



Duplication
-----------

+-------------------------+------+---------+-----------+
|                         |now   |previous |difference |
+=========================+======+=========+===========+
|nb duplicated lines      |0     |0        |=          |
+-------------------------+------+---------+-----------+
|percent duplicated lines |0.000 |0.000    |=          |
+-------------------------+------+---------+-----------+



Messages by category
--------------------

+-----------+-------+---------+-----------+
|type       |number |previous |difference |
+===========+=======+=========+===========+
|convention |12     |13       |-1.00      |
+-----------+-------+---------+-----------+
|refactor   |2      |2        |=          |
+-----------+-------+---------+-----------+
|warning    |1      |3        |-2.00      |
+-----------+-------+---------+-----------+
|error      |0      |0        |=          |
+-----------+-------+---------+-----------+



% errors / warnings by module
-----------------------------

+-----------------------------+------+--------+---------+-----------+
|module                       |error |warning |refactor |convention |
+=============================+======+========+=========+===========+
|sandman2.decorators          |0.00  |100.00  |0.00     |0.00       |
+-----------------------------+------+--------+---------+-----------+
|sandman2.service             |0.00  |0.00    |50.00    |33.33      |
+-----------------------------+------+--------+---------+-----------+
|sandman2.app                 |0.00  |0.00    |50.00    |25.00      |
+-----------------------------+------+--------+---------+-----------+
|sandman2.model               |0.00  |0.00    |0.00     |33.33      |
+-----------------------------+------+--------+---------+-----------+
|sandman2.scripts.sandman2ctl |0.00  |0.00    |0.00     |8.33       |
+-----------------------------+------+--------+---------+-----------+



Messages
--------

+--------------------+------------+
|message id          |occurrences |
+====================+============+
|line-too-long       |8           |
+--------------------+------------+
|invalid-name        |2           |
+--------------------+------------+
|ungrouped-imports   |1           |
+--------------------+------------+
|trailing-whitespace |1           |
+--------------------+------------+
|too-many-arguments  |1           |
+--------------------+------------+
|no-self-use         |1           |
+--------------------+------------+
|duplicate-key       |1           |
+--------------------+------------+



Global evaluation
-----------------
Your code has been rated at 9.59/10 (previous run: 9.50/10, +0.08)

Of course, this is super verbose, and is definitely the most comprehensive output of any of the linters I've used, but it gives a good sense of what they look for and what they're capable of. pylint provides a helpful (if somewhat arbitrary) "score" at the end of the output which is saved between runs, so you know if your code is getting better or worse by pylint standards.

So How Does This Relate To Continuous Integration?

In their most basic mode, most linters will print out all violations to STDOUT and return a non-zero exit code if any violations were encountered. That means, if everything went perfectly, the command just runs to success with no output. If you take a look at my Makefile change at the top of the article, that's why we can chain together calls to successive linters and the first one to report a violation will abort the entire set of commands.

By hooking this up to your CI platform, you can enforce good style, catch bugs, and actually require proper documentation for everything (and I do mean everything) at build time. Someone doesn't follow PEP-8? Build fails. Sorry, your PR can't be merged. Didn't write a docstring for that package/module/class/function? Sorry, build failed. Wrote a function that takes 14 arguments and named it foo? You guessed it... Build failed.

This is huge for a number of reasons:

• Everyone responsible for doing code reviews doesn't even have to look at the PR until the build is passing. You actually have to follow all the rules before anyone will read your code.
• Linters are capable of catching actual bugs without ever executing your code. It's like another (very small) layer of testing
• New developers and code reviewers can open any file in your project and the layout, naming conventions, documentation, and everything else is all identical to any other file they might open. The benefit of this can not be overstated.

I'm Convinced! Let's Lint This Puppy!

Python (like most languages) has a number of linters available, all of which do similar (but not necessarily exactly the same) things. To confuse matters, everyone thinks it's a great idea every once in a while to write a tool that just packages all the linters that are currently en vogue and fires all of them at your code like a fire hose. But this happens every few years, so you get meta-linters made of meta-linters, until who knows what tool is actually looking at your code (and if it's still maintained).

So I'm going to be "that guy" and just tell you what linters you should run. The following list was chosen very carefully, but I'll get into linter holy wars in the comments if anyone is game.

The linters you should use are:

• pylint
• pycodestyle
• pydocstyle

And that's it. I'll briefly cover each one below.

pylint

pylint has been around forever and is almost certainly the most comprehensive Python linter available. Some complain that it's too picky or too verbose, but that's what config files are for! One of the lesser-known (awesome) features of pylint is the .pylintrc file, which pylint will even create a skeleton with sane defaults for you if you run

$ pylint --generate-rcfile

I still marvel that more CLI tools don't do this. It's simply awesome.

You can greatly reduce pylint's verbosity by running with the -r n flag to suppress that giant report.

pycodestyle and pydocstyle

Both of these linters used to have different names: the former was called pep8 and the latter pep257 (after the PEPs they check conformance against). In a somewhat hilarious GitHub issue, GvR himself asked them to kindly change the names of the tools to avoid people hating on PEP-8 just because the tool of the same name was bugging them. Regardless, these tools are comprehensive and easy to get started with. Just pip install them and then run $ pycodestyle <some-module-or-package-or-file> and find out everything you've been doing wrong all this time!

As one might expect, pycodestyle handles PEP-8 (the official Style Guide for Python Code) conformance while pydocstyle handles PEP-257 (the official Docstring Conventions for Python). The latter is awesomely strict. When and if you get your project to pass it without error (took me a day on the project in question) you'll never have to worry about someone forgetting to write a docstring (or forgetting how to write a docstring) again. It even checks for proper capitalization, punctuation, and prescriptive vs. descriptive comments. I am in love with its pedantry.

Automate All The Things

In all seriousness, Enigma is a startup. We have limited resources. If we want to keep a large project sane, the only way to do that is through automation (because we're too busy building awesome stuff with public data). I would go so far as to argue that, between our testing suite (unit tests and E2E browser tests), continuous integration pipeline (Jenkins + GitHub + Codecov + a lot of homegrown glue), our continuous deployment pipeline (10% Jenkins/GitHub, 90% Ansible), and tools like the linters mentioned above, we are saving the cost of two full-time engineers to manage our development and deployment processes while making our code base more readable, more testable, and more maintainable.

All of that from a couple of automated tools you can install in the next five minutes... What are you waiting for!?